Linux 上的 netstat 命令用法

了解什麼是 netstat 命令和一些實時示例。

netstat （網絡統計）是一個命令行工具，它顯示網絡連接（傳入和傳出）、路由表和一些網絡接口統計信息。

它適用於 Linux、類 Unix 和 Windows 操作系統。 netstat功能強大，可以成為解決網絡相關問題和驗證連接統計信息的便捷工具。

如果您鍵入netstat -help ，您將獲得以下使用指南。

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -help usage: netstat [-vWeenNcCF] [<Af>] -r netstat {-V|--version|-h|--help} netstat [-vWnNcaeol] [<Socket> ...] netstat { [-vWeenNac] -I[<Iface>] | [-veenNac] -i | [-cnNe] -M | -s [-6tuw] } [delay] -r, --route display routing table -I, --interfaces=<Iface> display interface table for <Iface> -i, --interfaces display interface table -g, --groups display multicast group memberships -s, --statistics display networking statistics (like SNMP) -M, --masquerade display masqueraded connections -v, --verbose be verbose -W, --wide don't truncate IP addresses -n, --numeric don't resolve names --numeric-hosts don't resolve host names --numeric-ports don't resolve port names --numeric-users don't resolve user names -N, --symbolic resolve hardware names -e, --extend display other/more information -p, --programs display PID/Program name for sockets -o, --timers display timers -c, --continuous continuous listing -l, --listening display listening server sockets -a, --all display all sockets (default: connected) -F, --fib display Forwarding Information Base (default) -C, --cache display routing cache instead of FIB -Z, --context display SELinux security context for sockets <Socket>={-t|--tcp} {-u|--udp} {-U|--udplite} {-S|--sctp} {-w|--raw} {-x|--unix} --ax25 --ipx --netrom <AF>=Use '-6|-4' or '-A <af>' or '--<af>'; default: inet List of possible address families (which support routing): inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6) ax25 (AMPR AX.25) netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP) x25 (CCITT X.25) [root@lab ~]#

讓我向您展示該命令的一些示例。 以下內容在 RHEL/CentOS 上進行了測試，但我看不出有任何理由不在另一個發行版（如 Ubuntu）上工作。

建立連接

如果您正在尋找來自服務器的所有已建立連接。

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -natu | grep 'ESTABLISHED' tcp 0 21 68.183.37.102:22 222.186.31.135:21714 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 36 68.183.37.102:22 52.148.155.182:49859 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 68.183.37.102:22 61.177.142.158:55481 ESTABLISHED [root@lab ~]#

如果您建立了許多連接並且有興趣尋找其中一個 IP，那麼您可以使用另一個 grep。

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -natu | grep 'ESTABLISHED' | grep 61.177.142.158 tcp 0 1280 68.183.37.102:22 61.177.142.158:33932 ESTABLISHED [root@lab ~]#

聽力連接

假設您已經啟動了一些服務，並且應該偵聽特定的 IP:Port，這將很容易驗證。

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -an | grep 'LISTEN' tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp6 0 0 :::111 :::* LISTEN tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN [root@lab ~]#

或者，您可以使用-l參數來顯示所有偵聽套接字。

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -l Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 localhost:smtp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp6 0 0 [::]:sunrpc [::]:* LISTEN tcp6 0 0 [::]:webcache [::]:* LISTEN tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:805 0.0.0.0:* udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:* udp 0 0 localhost:323 0.0.0.0:* udp6 0 0 [::]:805 [::]:* udp6 0 0 [::]:sunrpc [::]:* udp6 0 0 ip6-localhost:323 [::]:* Active UNIX domain sockets (only servers) Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 15108 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 8202 /run/systemd/journal/stdout unix 2 [ ACC ] SEQPACKET LISTENING 12813 /run/udev/control unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17542 public/pickup unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 15165 /var/run/rpcbind.sock unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17546 public/cleanup unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 15605 /var/lib/gssproxy/default.sock unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 12706 /run/systemd/private unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17549 public/qmgr unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17571 public/flush unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17553 private/tlsmgr unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17586 public/showq unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17556 private/rewrite unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17559 private/bounce unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17562 private/defer unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17565 private/trace unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17568 private/verify unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17574 private/proxymap unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17577 private/proxywrite unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17580 private/smtp unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17583 private/relay unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17589 private/error unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17592 private/retry unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17595 private/discard unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17598 private/local unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17601 private/virtual unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17604 private/lmtp unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17607 private/anvil unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17610 private/scache unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 15606 /run/gssproxy.sock [root@lab ~]#

利用grep過濾結果。

PID 使用的端口號

您知道您的應用程序已啟動並知道 PID（進程標識符），但不確定它使用的端口號是什麼。 以下示例適用於 PID 3937

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -anlp |grep 3937 tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 3937/httpd unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 2442387 3937/httpd [root@lab ~]#

如您所見，端口 80 被用於 PID 3937。

所有協議統計

經常因為丟包而斷線？ -s參數將向您顯示總體統計信息，您可以在其中關注數據包丟棄的消息。

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -s Ip: 731422 total packets received 0 forwarded 0 incoming packets discarded 731399 incoming packets delivered 787732 requests sent out 16 dropped because of missing route Icmp: 5277 ICMP messages received 120 input ICMP message failed. InCsumErrors: 6 ICMP input histogram: destination unreachable: 193 timeout in transit: 16 echo requests: 5060 echo replies: 2 9355 ICMP messages sent 0 ICMP messages failed ICMP output histogram: destination unreachable: 4295 echo replies: 5060 IcmpMsg: InType0: 2 InType3: 193 InType8: 5060 InType11: 16 OutType0: 5060 OutType3: 4295 Tcp: 42 active connections openings 35226 passive connection openings 1693 failed connection attempts 645 connection resets received 2 connections established 646705 segments received 648037 segments send out 99463 segments retransmited 27377 bad segments received. 150893 resets sent InCsumErrors: 27377 Udp: 74547 packets received 4814 packets to unknown port received. 56 packet receive errors 74584 packets sent 0 receive buffer errors 0 send buffer errors InCsumErrors: 56 UdpLite: TcpExt: 177 invalid SYN cookies received 1693 resets received for embryonic SYN_RECV sockets 316 TCP sockets finished time wait in fast timer 3 packets rejects in established connections because of timestamp 70248 delayed acks sent 6 delayed acks further delayed because of locked socket Quick ack mode was activated 3082 times 17 SYNs to LISTEN sockets dropped 28179 packets directly queued to recvmsg prequeue. 9802 bytes directly received in process context from prequeue 72106 packet headers predicted 94182 acknowledgments not containing data payload received 40094 predicted acknowledgments 332 times recovered from packet loss by selective acknowledgements 8 congestion windows recovered without slow start by DSACK 1173 congestion windows recovered without slow start after partial ack 1029 timeouts after SACK recovery 8 timeouts in loss state 329 fast retransmits 3 forward retransmits 32 retransmits in slow start 44785 other TCP timeouts TCPLossProbes: 9763 TCPLossProbeRecovery: 1732 54 SACK retransmits failed 3144 DSACKs sent for old packets 4 DSACKs sent for out of order packets 695 DSACKs received 1 DSACKs for out of order packets received 44 connections reset due to unexpected data 76 connections reset due to early user close 6079 connections aborted due to timeout TCPDSACKIgnoredNoUndo: 448 TCPSpuriousRTOs: 5 TCPSackShiftFallback: 465 IPReversePathFilter: 11 TCPRcvCoalesce: 32369 TCPOFOQueue: 4313 TCPOFOMerge: 4 TCPChallengeACK: 2 TCPSynRetrans: 43670 TCPOrigDataSent: 208010 TCPACKSkippedSeq: 12 IpExt: InNoRoutes: 12 InOctets: 133789295 OutOctets: 151093769 InNoECTPkts: 731338 InECT1Pkts: 3 InECT0Pkts: 1568 InCEPkts: 108 [root@lab ~]#

內核路由信息

有路由問題？ 或者，由於連接通過不同的路線傳輸，連接沒有按預期工作？

快速查看路由表。

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -r Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface default gateway 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 10.16.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 68.183.32.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.240.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 link-local 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 [root@lab ~]#

端口號使用的 PID

非常方便解決端口衝突問題。 假設您正在嘗試啟動 Apache 或 Nginx 服務器，它在端口 80 上進行偵聽，但由於其他進程已經在使用端口 80，因此無法啟動。

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -anlp |grep 80 | grep LISTEN tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 3937/httpd [root@lab ~]#

而且，您可以看到 PID 3937 正在使用該端口。

如果您使用的是 AIX，那麼

netstat -Aan | grep $portnumber

這將以十六進制顯示協議控制塊的地址

一旦你有十六進制，然後可以在下面執行以獲取持有端口號的進程。

 rmsock $address_of_pcb tcpcb

網絡接口列表

有多個以太網接口？ 或不確定並想知道？

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -i Kernel Interface table Iface MTU RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg eth0 1500 793026 0 0 0 849443 0 0 0 BMRU lo 65536 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 LRU [root@lab ~]#

持續聆聽

解決服務崩潰相關問題時的絕佳選擇。 假設一個應用程序每隔幾分鐘就會隨機崩潰一次。 但是，不確定具體是什麼時候。 您可以使用-c參數，它將不斷顯示結果。

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -anlpc |grep 8080 tcp6 0 0 :::8080 :::* LISTEN 11766/httpd tcp6 0 0 :::8080 :::* LISTEN 11766/httpd tcp6 0 0 :::8080 :::* LISTEN 11766/httpd tcp6 0 0 :::8080 :::* LISTEN 11766/httpd

當它停止更新時，你就知道它已經崩潰了。

結論

netstat是 sysadmin 廣泛使用的命令之一，我希望上面的示例能讓您了解如何使用它。 如果您想了解有關 Linux 管理的更多信息，請查看此 Udemy 課程。